The
One of the
closest relationships today is of a man to his money. With most of us our
income is achieved through much effort and energy. We give up a great deal of
our lives to acquire it. Because life itself is sacred, that which we earn is
also regarded as sacred. Money in itself is not evil. It is the
"love" of money that is the ..."root" of all evil..., 1
Timothy
_________________________________________________
From earliest
times religious man has had a desire to share his wealth with a higher being.
Even in primitive religions are rites and ceremonies involving giving of
something of value to a supposed higher being. It could be foodstuffs, jewels
or in some of the baser religions-- human offspring. Giving valuables to a
higher being is considered a form of worship by most worldly societies.
Should We Tithe
Today?
Many, even among
those who call on the Name of Yahweh, believe tithing (giving 10 percent of
one's income) is no longer necessary. They believe the law, including that of
tithing, was nailed to Yahshua's death stake. Some think that tithing never
applied to those who engaged in occupations other than agriculture. Others
contend it was for Levites and temple worship only.
What is the truth of the matter? Can it
be revealed through a diligent study of the inspired Scriptures? We believe it
can. In this booklet the facts are made plain. The "mystery" of the
tithe is solved and our responsibility is presented in clear, concise language
so simple that even a child can understand.
Before we begin our study of this most
important subject, let us bow our heads before Almighty Yahweh and ask Him to
guide our minds in the way He would have us go. Laying aside all personal
convictions, prejudices, and selfish desires, let us approach His Word in
humble, reverential awe. Only in such an attitude of complete submission can we
hope to find His will. Let us exhibit the same faith that Yahshua had when He
said, "...nevertheless not My will, but Yours be done,"
Luke
It is imperative also that we understand
that Yahweh's Word--both Old and New Testaments--was written to and for His
people. It is a guide for those who want to obey and a constant reminder of the
sinfulness of those who transgress.
Yahweh Demands
Total Obedience
Consider what
the Heavenly Father told Israel: "Now therefore if you will obey My
voice indeed, and keep My covenant, then you shall be a peculiar treasure unto
Me above all people; for all the earth is mine: And you shall be unto Me a
kingdom of priests, and an holy nation,..." Exodus 19:5-6. Yahweh
was speaking to a special people, a people He truly loved. His people are
different from all others when they obey Him. We should never pridefully think
we will escape His judgments when we do wrong merely because we are called by
His Name. This is the way ancient
Tithing Law
given to Israel
The tithe was
established as a fundamental part of the law Yahweh gave
Yahweh, not Moses, explains who was to
pay the tithe, how it was to be used, and who was to receive it in Numbers
18:21-24: "And behold, I have given the children of Levi all the
tenth in Israel for an inheritance, for their service which they serve, even
the service of the tabernacle of the congregation. Neither must the children of
The tabernacle and later the temple were
to be the center of worship focusing on Yahweh. The people were to recognize
the "tent meeting" as the place where Yahweh would meet with His
people and they could learn of Him. Yahweh specifically chose the tribe of Levi
to fulfill the office of priest to perform the services of the tabernacle. The
tithe produced from the earth was holy to Yahweh and was to be given to the
Levites. Ten percent was expected from that which the earth produced. The
Levites were given 48 cities scattered throughout
Tithing – A Part
of the Covenant
When
For the construction of the tabernacle, the
people contributed the valuables they had received from spoiling the Egyptians.
It would have been very difficult to tithe from their increase while wandering
in the wilderness. Once the tabernacle was erected, however, Yahweh enforced
His law of tithing to carry on His worship, Leviticus 27:34.
Note that the verse says these tithes
were commanded in
Nehemiah 10:34-38 shows that the practice
of tithing continued through the entire Old Testament and the Levites continued
to administer the tithes. As soon as they were freed from
Priests also
Required to Tithe
Yahweh's law is
just and applies to all persons equally, as we learn from reading the following
passages: "One law shall be to him that is homeborn, and unto the
stranger that sojourns among you," Exodus
Because the law is equitable, the
Levitical priests tithed as well as all
Some have argued
that because the High Priest paid no tithes that tithing does not apply to all.
The tithing progression ended with Aaron and his family because he represented
the Great High Priest Melchizedek, and in a greater way, Yahshua the Messiah.
For those who say that tithes were paid
only from agricultural earnings we refer to the example of the priests' tithes.
Their earnings or increase had essentially no connection with agriculture. They
were not compensated for laboring in the fields or for caring for herds with
the tithes given them. Agriculture just happened to be the primary or perhaps
the only vocation among Israelites at that time.
Yahweh distinctly told the Levites He
would exact their tithes, "And this your heave offering shall be
reckoned unto you, as though it were the corn of the threshing floor, and as
the fullness of the winepress. Thus you also shall offer an heave offering unto
Yahweh of all your tithes, which you receive of the children of Israel; and you
shall give thereof Yahweh's heave offering to Aaron the priest. Out of all your
gifts you shall offer every heave offering of Yahweh, of all the best thereof,
even the hallowed part thereof out of it. Therefore, you shall say to them,
'When you have heaved the best thereof from it, then it shall be counted unto
the Levites as the increase of the threshing floor, and as the increase of the
winepress. And you shall eat it in every place, you and your households: for it
is your reward for your service in the tabernacle of the congregation.'"
(Numbers 18:27-31) Would Yahweh's law have been "holy, just, and
good" if only the farmer had to tithe and no one else?
As already shown, Yahweh's laws apply
equally to everyone.
Abraham Tithed
before Levite System
The first
example of tithing mentioned in the Bible is Abram's giving a tenth of the loot
captured at the slaughter of the kings:
"And blessed be the most high
El which had delivered your enemies into your hand. And he gave him tithes of
all. And the king of
The Hebrew word translated
"tithes" in Strong's Concordance No. 4643, ma'aser, and means a
literal tenth or tenth part. These tithes were not from agricultural earnings,
either. This example of tithing occurred before the Levitical law of the tithes
and was paid to Melchizedek, Yahweh's priest who ministered to and blessed
Abram in the Name of Yahweh.
As to the extent of Abram's tithes, Henry
Landsell says in his book Tithes in Scripture, "Neither the Hebrew
of Genesis nor the Greek of the Epistle to the Hebrews limits the word
"all" to the spoils. In Hebrews 7:4 the writer argues that
Melchizedek was greater than Abram, because Abram paid tithes to him...The
tenth paid by Abram was not merely an offering which the patriarch was at
liberty to render or withhold as he pleased, but as payment of
obligation."
Also important
to note is that the example of Abram's tithing occurred about 700 years before
the law was given to Moses. We can draw the following conclusions from Abram's
example:
·
Although a ruler of a strong band of people, Abram acknowledged
a Being superior to himself by his tithes.
·
He gave tithes as a confession of obligation to El-Elyon,
Creator of heaven and earth. He acknowledged protection and guidance in his
activities.
·
He gave Yahweh's representatives his tithes as a return of his
just dues. Abram was made an example for humanity as the "father of the
faithful."
·
He refused to take any captured booty for himself, but gave
"tithes of all" with perfect naturalness and without explanation,
because it was already an understood and accepted institution.
Jacob Tithed 500
Years before Moses
Jacob was the
grandson of Abraham, and through him and his progeny was the covenant
continued. We find Jacob fleeing for his life from his brother Esau, spending a
night alone in the mountains, Genesis 28:10-22.
Awakening from a dream in which he saw
Yahweh atop a staircase (ladder), and hearing the covenant renewed in him and
his progeny, Jacob was shaken and awe-stricken. Trembling with fear, he arose
and declared that if Yahweh would protect and give him the bare necessities of
life, Jacob vowed that Yahweh would be his Elohim, also.
Jacob had not yet accepted Yahweh as his
Elohim. At this point he made a covenant with Yahweh that if he would bless
him, then Jacob would worship Yahweh as did his father Isaac, Genesis 27:20. In
that event, Jacob would also comply with the tithing law as a part of his
worship. Jacob arose, having asked for the bare necessities of life (clothing
and food--slave wages). He would follow in the footsteps of his grandfather
Abraham and his father Isaac and worship the same Elohim, accepting the
covenant.
Jacob can think of nothing that will meet
with higher approval than to return a tenth of all that Yahweh will bestow upon
him. "And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be
Yahweh's house: and of all that you shall give me I will surely give the
tenth unto you," Genesis 28:22. Yahweh blesses those who tithe to
Him. Genesis 30:43 tells us, "And the man [Jacob] increased
exceedingly, and had much cattle and maidservants, and menservants, and camels,
and asses." Yahweh first gives to His people so they can return a
tenth to Him.
The case of Jacob is important. Why did he
say he would return a tenth as did Abraham? Why not a sixth, a ninth or a
third? Obviously the tithe was already established. History shows that the
tithing principle operated even in pagan religions. It was as if the principle
had become known to mankind from a common source and then permeated even
heathen worship.
Also significant is that Jacob's vow took
place 500 years before Moses. It was some 200 years after Abraham tithed to
Melchizedek, King of Salem. Nothing is mentioned about how Jacob would use his
tithe to worship Yahweh. Melchizedek is not mentioned. The Levites had not come
into service. How, then, did Jacob use his tithe in worship with no priesthood
around? Obviously, he was the priest of the family. He carried out the worship
for his family. Both Abraham's and Jacob's tithing contradicts those who say
tithing is only for the Levitical priesthood.
Not only were Yahweh's people to give Him
10 percent of their increase, but they were also to give an offering of
firstfruits of the crop before it was harvested. The amount is not specified,
but the firstfruits were always given before the harvest began as an offering
that the remainder of the harvest would be blessed of Yahweh, Exodus 22:29. The
firstfruits offering included wool, Deuteronomy 18:4. The choicest portions
were always offered, Numbers 18:12.
There were other offerings expected of
His people, which included the burnt offering, peace offering, sin offering,
trespass offering, meal offering, plus others such as the drink offering. All
of these were a part of the Levitical system commanded by Yahweh in
The law of
circumcision and animal offerings has come to an end in the Messiah. All of the
temple requirements have been met in the Messiah Who fulfilled these
"shadows" of the Levitical priesthood. However, the tithing law still
stands, for the Melchizedek priesthood has replaced the Levitical. Yahweh is
now building a spiritual temple for Himself, and the tithes and offerings
collectively build the temple.
From Genesis to Revelation the theme of
overcoming our carnal nature of satisfying the lusts of the flesh and the pride
of life are evident on every page. Yahweh's commandments are given us so that
we will grow to be more like Him. His laws have as their ultimate goal to
change us, to put Yahweh and our fellow believers first.
His laws are as necessary and good for us
today as they were when He gave them to
In giving His people His holy law, Yahweh
showed the way to an abundant, joy-filled, and productive life. And those who
remained faithful would receive everlasting life.
Yahweh is to us a loving Parent. A loving
parent would not allow his children to play with razor blades or matches. He
would not allow them to wander onto highways, nor crawl into abandoned
refrigerators. His concern is for the welfare of his children and he will guide
them into maturity with rules that are for their own good, allowing them to
grow into adulthood able to face the demands of our society with confidence.
Yahweh wants us to qualify for the Kingdom.
Unselfishness
Drives Yahweh’s People
A fundamental
theme running throughout the Old and New Testaments is Yahweh's exhortation to
His people to look away from themselves and behold Him and His goodness. He
reminds us over and over that His way of life is best for us. Only He has the
depth of knowledge and understanding to give the necessary guidelines to achieve
holy character and attitude. We are to overcome our personal greed and
covetousness and learn to put Him and His people first.
Yahweh had given
Yahweh's people are to be willing to
share with others so those in turn will be blessed and come to know the only
true Mighty One of the universe. In this way as others become converted, Yahweh
gets the glory and the praise. We are to be instruments of His goodness and
representatives of His way of life.
Take special note of two striking
examples of heeding Yahweh's law of giving. Both deal with the tabernacle or
When the call came to donate offerings
for the construction of the tabernacle,
Total, honest sincerity again was evident
some 1500 years later when the spiritual tabernacle was being built following
the ascension of the Messiah. Acts
Some, who could, sold houses and lands
and brought the money to the Apostles' feet. Those who needed anything to carry
out their work were thus aided in their efforts by those who had more. It is an
example of true giving, for the result was that more believers were added to
Yahweh as the evangel could be preached with more power. Yahweh Himself was the
beneficiary!
These examples of giving from the Old and
New Testaments are the result of true hearts. The former was to construct a
tabernacle for Yahweh to dwell in, and the latter to construct a spiritual
temple composed of the collective body of Messianic believers, Ephesians
2:21-22. Even today, those who help support a ministry that is proclaiming the
Good News of salvation is helping build a spiritual temple, just as did the
ancient Israelites. As more and more people hear the Good News and become
converted to Yahweh's truth, the spiritual temple grows both in numbers and in
holiness. Yahweh is praised and Yahshua is lifted up.
Certainly Yahweh's way does not change.
Those in the Old Testament were to tithe and then give offerings so that
Yahweh's worship might be exalted. In the New Testament, the collective saints
make up the temple, and their tithes and offerings are used to expand worship
of Yahweh as more converts become followers of His way of life and obey Him.
Tithes and offerings are thus used to fulfill the Great Commission "to go
and teach all nations, baptizing them in the Name..." Misunderstanding
of Yahweh's tithing law has caused some to say that tithing is not a New
Testament teaching. Yet, His laws were not voided in the New Testament as
Yahshua demonstrated repeatedly. If the laws were voided, it was by carnal man
and not by the authority of Yahweh-so they still stand. It is obvious that
Yahshua kept the tithing laws of the Old Testament. He specifically stated He
had come not to do away with the law, but to fulfill it in its highest intent
and meaning. He was referring to those who teach that the law has been
abolished such as prophesied: "But you are departed out of the way;
you have caused many to stumble at the law; you have corrupted the covenant of
Levi, says Yahweh of hosts," Malachi 2:8. This means those who
teach against Yahweh's law.
It surely was not the Messiah who taught
the people to stumble at the law, for we read that Yahshua established
scriptural law more fully: "Think not that I am come to destroy the
law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill. For verily I
say unto you, till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no
wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. Whosoever therefore shall break
one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called
least in the Kingdom of heaven: But whosoever shall do and teach them, the same
shall be called great in the Kingdom of heaven. For I say unto you, that except
your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and the
Pharisees, you shall in no case enter into the Kingdom of heaven,"
Matthew 5:17-20.
When asked what was the greatest
commandment in the law, Yahshua clearly said that the greatest commandment was,
"You shall love Yahweh your Elohim with all your heart, and with all
your soul, and with all your mind,..." thus summarizing the
first five commandments, Mark
In this and in all other facets of His
life, Yahshua set us the example. Not only did the Messiah say that He did not
come to destroy the law, but He added that one of the smallest of Hebrew
letters (the yothe) would not pass from the law, neither would one of the
littlest of embellishments, the tittle. Everything would still be there. And to
make it more emphatic, He said that those who teach such a thing would be of
the least significance in the Kingdom. Furthermore, He said to His disciples
that if their righteousness did not exceed that of the scribes and Pharisees,
they would not enter the Kingdom.
The Pharisees did tithe. They were
diligent about tithing, and even made a big production of tithing. They
apparently had made a ceremony of tithing of the little spices of the garden,
which brought the Messiah to say to them in Matthew
Notice Yahshua did not tell them to stop
tithing. In fact, He commended them for it. But He pointed out their
hypocritical attitude in ceremoniously making a display of tithing for all the
people to see, neglecting the weightier acts of fairness, love, compassion and
understanding in dealing with the law. He condemned their showy acts of
flamboyant piety when their hearts were not really in doing Yahweh's law. Here
would have been a good place for Yahshua to state that the time would soon be
here when tithing would no longer be in force. He could have easily explained
that soon no longer would any tithing be required, just as He had explained to
the Samaritan woman that the time was coming when she would neither in
The law of tithing is still binding upon
the footstep followers of Yahshua, who are to keep His laws with the proper
attitude of willing obedience-doing so out of love for the Messiah and the
Father. The tithe is holy unto Yahweh and is used to build His worship, glorify
Him and lift up the Son.
Yahshua's enemies were never able to
accuse Him of not paying His tithes, though they continually watched His every
action. Neither were they able to accuse the disciples of not tithing or paying
their sacerdotal dues. When the disciples were asked whether their Teacher paid
the temple tax for its support, Peter was directed to catch a fish and take the
amount (stater) and pay the temple
tax for himself and the Savior, Matthew 17:24-27.
Other New
Testament examples
Even though
The Edomite, Herod the Great, recognized
the importance of Yahweh's worship to his people and rebuilt the temple. The
historian Josephus, himself a priest born in 37 C.E., corroborates the practice
of tithing in his day by stating that he had no need of tithes that were due
him and refused to take them (Life, section 15). He also speaks of
Ananias, the contemporary high priest, who had wicked servants who stole tithes
belonging to the priests, even beating those who would not give these tithes to
them and bringing death to the older priests by starvation (Antiquities,
Book 20, chapter 9, paragraph 2).
Same Laws in
Force in New Covenant
Yahshua came to
establish the New Covenant. The New Covenant in the New Testament places
Yahweh's law in our hearts and minds. Jeremiah 31:31-34 reads, "Behold
the days come says Yahweh, that I will make a new covenant with the house of
Israel, and with the house of Judah: Not according to the [old] covenant that I
made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them
out of the land of Egypt; which My covenant they broke, although I was a
husband unto them, says Yahweh. But this shall be the covenant that I will make
with the house of Israel; After those days, says Yahweh, I will put My law in
their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their Elohim, and
they shall be My people. And they shall teach no more every man his brother,
saying, 'Know Yahweh:' for they shall all know Me, from the least of them to
the greatest of them, says Yahweh: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I
will remember their sin no more."
This was already promised in Isaiah
42:21, in which He was prophesied to enlarge upon the law in its full spiritual
intent. He was to show us that the keeping of the law was a matter of attitude.
Yahshua taught the principle behind the law, the real meaning that many of the
Israelites had missed. They already had the written law, but failed to see the
real purpose behind it. The results it was meant to produce hadn't made an
impression.
Speaking of the New Covenant of the New
Testament, Hebrews 8:8-12 (a direct quotation from the Old Testament) contains
no mention of doing away with Yahweh's law. In fact, the Old Covenant was
established with the people who could not keep it (verse 8) because the Holy
Spirit was not yet given. Since the day of Pentecost, the Holy Spirit was sent
to this earth, making possible the keeping of Yahweh's law. Yahweh's
commandments are now in the hearts of the people to empower them to remember
His laws and to keep them.
After the destruction of the temple,
animal sacrifices were no longer required. Since the shedding of Yahshua's
blood, we no longer slay an animal nor provide tabernacle or temple offerings.
The lessons and principles of the offerings are still with us, though. The
temple offerings foreshadowed some part of the redemptive work of the Messiah.
Now we offer the sacrifice of praise, the fruit of our lips, Hebrews
When the chief priests and scribes were
trying to entrap Yahshua by asking whether it was lawful to give tribute to
Caesar, the Messiah told them to render to the government that which the
government required, Luke 20:19-25. And in the same breath He told them to give
to Yahweh that which belongs to Him. Old Testament Law said the tithe belongs
to Him. Old Testament Law said the tithe belongs to Yahweh (Leviticus 27:30),
and Yahshua upheld and taught Old Testament laws, which honored Yahweh.
The Purpose of
Tithing
The tithe was to
honor Yahweh and sanctify His worship. It was to pay homage to Him and glorify
His temple. The tithe also provided for the ministers of Yahweh. It was that
which Yahweh required each person to give from their increase so His ministers
would be able to support themselves and their families while continuing to
minister to the people of Yahweh, Leviticus 18:8-14. Yahweh's service is
continued with today's ministers, and the need for tithing continues. Ephesians
4:11-12 tells us, "And He gave some, apostles; and some, prophets;
and some, evangelists; and some pastors and teachers; For the perfecting of the
saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the Body of Messiah."
Both the above verses and 1 Corinthians 12:28 show that the Ekklesia (the
called-out ones, the general Assembly) does have ministers and a presbytery that
Yahweh has established. Just as under the Levitical priesthood, the tithe
should be paid to Yahweh's representatives, those who are doing the work in the
vineyard.
Paul likens today's true ministers to
Levites ministering at the altar, 1 Corinthians 9:13-14. Yahweh's ministers
today pay tithes back into the treasury to publish Yahweh's Name and proclaim
the message of the
The Messiah
Upheld Tithing
Occasionally a
question arises whether the Messiah specifically taught tithing in the New
Testament. As already stated, the Messiah commended the Pharisees for their
tithing of mint, anise and cummin. He agreed that this they should have done.
That part was good. Yahshua did not at all times mention each of the
commandments when He had occasion to discuss them. When the young ruler came to
him (Matthew
James also wrote of keeping the law (
In sending out the twelve to preach the
Good News (Matthew 10:5-16) the Messiah specifically told them to take neither
gold, nor silver, nor more than one coat, as "the workman is worthy of his
meat." The Messiah is clear in His expectations that those who hear of the
The pattern set up for the sending out of
the 12 and the 70 was followed in the New Testament, as will subsequently be
shown. The last command He gave the disciples was to wait for the promise of
the Holy Spirit, Acts 1:4-8. He added that they were to be witness unto Him in
The practice of tithing places Yahweh and
His worship before all else. He commands first place in the heart of the
believer, even before family, Matthew 10:37: "He that loves father
or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loves son or daughter
more than me is not worthy of me." See also Matthew 19:29.
Paul Expected
Financial Support
Did the Apostle
Paul teach against tithing as some allege? There is no Scripture that teaches
he ever did such a thing.
The letters to the assembly at
Perhaps their doubt about his apostleship
was their reason for not supporting him in his missionary work. We find him
vigorously defending himself in 1 Corinthians, chapter 9. Notice his defense,
beginning in verse 1: "Am I not an apostle? Am I not free? Have I
not seen Yahshua Messiah our Teacher? Are not you my work in the Teacher? If I
be not an apostle unto others, yet doubtless I am to you: for the seal of mine
apostleship are you in the Teacher. My answer to them that do examine me is
this, Have we not power to eat and drink?" The Greek word
translated "power" in this passage is "exousia" and means
"in the sense of ability." Paul is asking whether he cannot expect
the Corinthian Assembly to furnish him food and drink for his labor of love
among them.
Paul now shames them in his vivid
examples of those who labor and are compensated for their efforts. Listen to
him in verses 5-6 of 1 Corinthians 9: "Have we not power[authority,
right] to lead about a sister, a wife, as well as other apostles, and as the brethren
of the Savior Yahshua, and Cephas Peter? Or I only and Barnabas, have not we
power to forbear working?" Other translations clarify his statement: "And must Barnabas and I alone keep working for a living, while you
supply these others?" Paul clearly is chiding them for not
supporting him and Barnabas as they labor in the Word.
"Who goes to war any time at
his own charges? Who plants a vineyard, and eats not of the fruit thereof?" (verse 7). Paul likens himself to a soldier fighting the fight of faith,
and asks, "What soldier has to pay his own expenses in the army?
What farmer does not harvest a crop who does get to eat some of it? What
shepherd takes care of the sheep and the goats and does not get to drink some
of the milk?” Those who provide for others should be recompensed
for their labor.
Paul continues to drive home the point to
the Corinthians that they are lax in their responsibilities. Notice his rebuke
in verses 8-10: "Say I these things as a man? or says not the law
the same also? For it is written in the law of Moses, 'You shall not muzzle the
mouth of the ox that treads out the corn.' Does Yahweh take care for oxen? Or
says He it altogether for our sakes? For our sakes, no doubt, this is written:
that he that plows should plow in hope; and he that threshes in hope should be
partaker of his hope."
Why would Paul appeal to the Old
Testament if he were not applying what was already written there as a lesson
for the Corinthian Assembly, and ultimately to us? Why bring in Old Testament
injunctions if Paul was not relying upon them for his teaching? Certainly if
the law was done away, Paul would have no reason to apply Israelite law to the
Gentile Corinthian Assembly. Or are we to believe that Paul taught from the Old
Testament even to the Gentile converts simply because the New Testament had not
yet been written?
Paul had already made reference to Peter
as receiving support from those to whom he ministered in verses 5 and 6. Paul
is showing that Yahweh expects His people to support the ministry by the tithes
from the people.
Read what Paul has to say in verses
11-12, "If we have sown spiritual good among you, is it too much if
we reap your material benefits? If others share this rightful claim upon you,
do not we still more? Nevertheless, we have not made use of this right, but we
endure anything rather than put an obstacle in the way of the Good News of
Messiah." (RSV)
The Corinthian Assembly lacked maturity
and Paul treats them as babes. He reiterates that he has sown spiritual food
among them, and points out that he has a right to expect some benefits in
return. But the Corinthians were simply immature and did not fully accept Paul
as an apostle even though he pointed out the many benefits they had received spiritually
through him. We'll look closer at Paul and the Corinthians momentarily.
Paul again refers to the Old Testament in
verse 13, "Do you not know that they which minister about holy
things live of the holy things of the temple? and they which wait at the altar
are partakers with the altar?" If the Old Testament was not in
effect, why did Paul appeal to the law of Deuteronomy 18, having to do with the
sustenance of the priests? Paul is simply acknowledging the principle of
tithing and offerings found in the Old Testament. He makes the analogy that his
labor in the Word is every bit as important as those of the altar in the
temple. In verse 9 Paul specifically mentions the law of Moses taken from
Deuteronomy 25:4. Here he is unmistakably upholding the law supporting the
priests, which has to do with tithing.
It is clear from verse 14 that the
ministers preaching the Good News of the Messiah should live from the physical
fruit of their labors. Those benefiting from the Good News should support those
ministering to them. Paul is following the Old Testament example and in turn is
also following the Messiah, who told His disciples to “provide neither
gold, nor silver...for your journey, neither two coats, neither shoes, nor yet
staves; for the workman is worthy of his meat." Matthew 10:9-10.
The same thought is found in Mark 6:7-11 and Luke 9:1-5 and 10:3-12. Yahshua
and Paul both taught and followed the same principle of expecting those who
received the spiritual benefits learned through hearing the Good News of the
coming Kingdom to support those doing the work in the ministry.
Both Yahshua and Paul knew the benefits
and blessings that come to one who places Yahweh first in one's life. Too many
people don't trust enough in Yahweh's Word. They lack faith in His promise to
bless those who lay up their treasure in heaven. He simply will not give us a
command to tithe and not follow through with blessings for our obedience.
Corinthians
Suspicious, Jealous of Paul
The Corinthian
Assembly was the weakest of any Paul ministered to. The Holy Spirit was with
them, however, and Paul said they came behind in no spiritual gift (1
Corinthians 1:7) and were given a full understanding of the truth, verse 5.
Yet, they argued, contentions arose among them, divisions were rampant, and
Paul called them carnal (3:3). They allowed a man to have his own stepmother,
chapter 5, and tried to outshine one another in the showy gifts such as
speaking in tongues. They were spiritual babies and Paul had to deal with them
as babies, 1 Corinthians 3:1-3. See especially 1 Corinthians 9:19-23.
Paul did not feel he could approach them
on an adult level for several reasons. They were suspicious of him and felt
certain he was making money from them in some way, 2 Corinthians
But Other
Assemblies Gladly Helped
Other Assemblies
in the Body of Messiah had supplied the means to take care of the expenses of
Paul in ministering to the Corinthians. The brethren from
It is apparent from Paul's writings to
the Corinthians that he in no way wanted them to accuse him of making money
through preaching the Good News to them. He carefully avoided that issue by
refusing to take support of any kind from them. In so doing would they not be
able to accuse even those working with him, such as Titus, of preaching the
Good News for personal profit (2 Corinthians
Paul did, however, as noted, obtain
sustenance from those in
The Philippian Assembly was instrumental
in supporting Paul's labors, verse 15. Other ancient authorities read
"money for my needs" (RSV margin). Twice in Thessalonica the assembly
helped him, verse 16. But what really thrills Paul is not so much the benefit
he received at their hand, but the increased blessings that will be theirs.
Verse 18 is especially pertinent to this
study. Paul contends he now has even more than he needs. The generosity of the
Philippians fills him with joy. The things brought to him by Epaphroditus Paul
says are an odor of a fragrant offering to Yahweh— sacrifice that pleases
Yahweh!
Paul was so overjoyed with the generosity
of the Philippians that he told them that such gifts to him to help proclaim
the Good News of Messiah were like a sweet-smelling offering that pleases
Yahweh well.
Not only does Paul say that the tithes
and offerings given him please Yahweh, but also that He Himself will see to it
that the Philippians are blessed with having all their needs supplied. When we
are in harmony with the will of Yahweh, we cannot outgive Him. He will bless us
now in this life and will also lay up treasure for the Kingdom, Matthew
6:19-21.
Perhaps Luke expresses the thought better
in the Living Bible: "So don't be afraid little flock. For it gives
your Father great happiness to give you the Kingdom. Sell what you have and
give to those in need. This will fatten your purses in heaven! And the purses
of heaven have no rips or holes in them. Wherever your treasure is, there your
heart and thoughts will also be," 12:32-34.
The early Assembly was very close in
fellowship as they willingly sacrificed their material goods to proclaim the
Good News. Notice Acts 2:44-45, "And all that believed were
together, and had all things common; And sold their possessions and goods, and
parted them to all men, as every man had need." The early
believers knew that it would take money and effort to proclaim the Good News
and so they willingly gave of their substance to provide the means.
This same attitude of sharing was what
the early disciples had when they got the infant Assembly off the ground, Acts
4:32-37. We should not understand from this that the early disciples sold
everything and were destitute. Far from it. But rather that they saw to it that
everyone had the necessities of life and were willing to provide others
anything they could. Those who were able, sold land and houses and brought the
money to the Apostles to give to those in need. Philip yet had his house in
Acts 21:8, showing they were not as some have proposed in a communistic
environment. Rather, it was a joyful sharing of possessions to proclaim the
Good News of the Messiah.
Man Turns to
Appeasing Own Lusts
From Genesis
through the establishment of the New Testament Assemblies we see that the
practice of tithing was carried out and followed by the people of Yahweh. The
Old Testament shows Abraham giving tithes to Melchizedek and being blessed of
Yahweh because of it. Those of the faith are blessed with faithful Abraham who
is known as the Father of the faithful. This includes not only his physical
progeny, but the spiritual as well.
The Old Covenant was essentially made
with the nation
Unable to worship properly during the
Babylonian captivity, the Jews finally were able to return under Zerubbabel and
begin to reconstruct the walls of the city of
The people kept putting off construction
of the temple, contending that the time was not yet come to construct it,
Haggai 1:1-4. While the curse was pronounced upon the Jewish nation, the
example is for us who neglect Yahweh. Notice Yahweh's words (verses 5-11):
"Now this is what Yahweh El-Shaddai says: 'Give careful thought to
your ways. You have planted much, but have harvested little. You eat, but never
have enough. You drink, but never have your fill. You put on clothes, but are
not warm. You earn wages, only to put them in a purse with holes in it.' This
is what Yahweh El-Shaddai says: 'Give careful thought to your ways. Go up into
the mountains and bring down timber and build the house, so that I may take
pleasure in it and be honored,’ says Yahweh. 'You expected much, but see, it
turned out to be little. What you brought home, I blew away. Why?' declares
Yahweh El-Shaddai. 'Because of My house, which remains a ruin, while each of
you is busy with his own house. Therefore, because of you the heavens have
withheld their due and the earth its crops. I called for a drought on the
fields and the mountains, on the grain, the new wine, the oil and whatever the
ground produces, on men and cattle, and on the labors of your hands.'"
(New International Version)
The basic message of Haggai is not with
the building of the temple, but with priorities. The people had fallen into the
trap of taking care of their own needs first, neglecting Yahweh. They had
become selfish and self-centered in their outlook. All the good things are of
Yahweh to give or withhold. From the day that we put our priorities first,
Yahweh will bless every aspect of life.
The New Covenant
is made with individuals. We are given free choice to become a follower of the
Messiah. Yahweh calls, and Yahshua chooses who it is He wishes to be in His
Body. If we answer the call and put our hand to the plow, there is no looking
back, Luke 9:62. But our job is still to build the spiritual
It’s In Your
Hands
What about you?
Do you have your priorities in balance? Do you put Yahweh first in your life?
The principle of tithing is to show that you place Yahweh before anything else.
The tithe is to teach us that our first obligation is to Him. The first 10
percent of your increase is to be used for construction of the spiritual
temple, the Body of Messiah. The Bible says that to withhold what is Yahweh's
is actually to rob from Him. "Will a man rob Elohim? Yet, you have
robbed me. But you say, wherein have we robbed you? In tithes and offerings."
Malachi 3:8.
If we make Him our first priority, Yahweh
has given an ironclad promise that we not only will prosper on earth, but will
also be rewarded for eternity in His Kingdom. Given the blessings for
obedience, can there even be a choice?
Begin now to give to Yahweh what He
demands. Discover the prosperity He has promised will be yours when you put Him
first. You can't afford not to!
Answers to
Questions on Tithing
A: It is a command
of Yahweh. Tithing helps us place Yahweh first in our lives. We return to Him
the 10 percent portion of all He has given us. He is the life-giver and owns
the entire earth, Psalm 24:1. Tithing is a discipline that helps prevent our
spending foolishly. Too often people give what is left after they have taken
care of their own wants and lusts. If Yahweh could take care of the children of
Q: Author George
Foot Moore is quoted as having said about the tithe in his work on Judaism,
"All of these applied to the letter of the law only to the
A: Leviticus 27:30
reads, "And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the
land, or of the fruit of the tree, is Yahweh's; it is holy unto Yahweh.”
"Land" is from the Hebrew erets (No. 776 in Strong's
Exhaustive Concordance) and includes more than just the
Q: Was not the
tithe on agricultural products and livestock only?
A: Throughout the
Bible Yahweh says He owns the land. The erets is His. Leviticus 25:23-28
gives a lease arrangement for those using the land, but it belongs to Him. Many
Old Testament Scriptures show His ownership. Psalm 85:1, Isaiah 8:8, Isaiah
14:2, and Hosea 9:3 are good examples. The Bible refers to the tithe as it
pertains to raising crops and livestock for the simple reason that
Bible scholars point to the riches of
Note the striking similarity between the
above valuables and those mentioned in Exodus 35:22-28 in the construction of
the tabernacle. Religious
Q: Wasn't the tithe
as originally given to
The purpose was to collect funds to
rebuild the temple that had been neglected for Baal worship. As the primitive
agrarian economy began to become more involved in commerce and trading,
increased use of coins and money instead of bartering foodstuffs and cattle
came into being. The Messiah observed Israelites giving to the temple treasury,
Mark
To say that tithes and offerings were
always animals, grains, and foodstuffs is not in keeping with the scriptural
record. Over time the society of the day dictated that those living in the
cities could receive money for their wages. Even Yahshua's band of 12 had a
treasurer (Judas) who carried the moneybag. Therefore, money was the medium of
exchange instead of trading and bartering. By then most agricultural products
had a monetary value.
A: Exodus
A: The tithe was
first mentioned in Genesis 14 and given by Abraham to Melchizedek, priest of
the Most High. This was some 700 years before the time of Moses and the
establishment of the Levitical priesthood. Also, Jacob tithed, Genesis 28:22,
which was some 500 years before Sinai and 200 years after Melchizedek. The
question is, to whom did Jacob give his tithes if there were no Levites and no
Melchizedek mentioned? This in itself proves that tithing existed and was
practiced outside of a Levitical priesthood. Furthermore, because Jacob vowed
to honor Yahweh with his substance (tithe) as had his forefathers, he was
blessed in material goods, Genesis 30:43. Tithing is still a command of Yahweh,
and is expected of Yahweh's people as their reasonable service.
Q: When Joseph was
in
A: Scripturally the
tithe of a tenth was exacted for the priests of Yahweh. But here Joseph's
suggestion was that one-fifth be given to the king of
To say that exacting a fifth showed that
Joseph had no knowledge of a tithe is totally false. The debt in this case is
not a tenth but two-tenths, or a double tithe. Scripturally, one-tenth was paid
by Yahweh's people before anything was forfeited, as the acknowledgment that to
whom it was paid had a claim on all for which a tenth was offered. But after a
forfeiture was made by a vow or trespass (Lev. 27:5-6) a fifth or double tithe
was rendered. By law (Ex. 22:4,7,9) any act of trespass gave him who had been
trespassed against a double claim or a claim to double the amount of the
original wrong or suffering inflicted on him.
Here, as a result of the famine and
misery of the Egyptians, Pharaoh got a claim he had not had before. As their
king, Pharaoh had had the power of life and death over each of his subjects and
in that sense they were indebted to him. Because of the famine he had an
additional right to withhold grain and any foodstuffs from them. He had a double
right to their lives. He not only allowed them to live, but gave them the
necessary food to sustain their lives. In other words, they were in double
jeopardy. That Joseph made the people pay a double tithe (one-fifth) shows that
he was knowledgeable of scriptural procedure.
The fact that nothing is done for the
Egyptian priesthood shows nonsupport for pagan worship. To have commanded that
Egyptians pay their tithes to the pagan Egyptian priest would have fostered
heathen worship.
Payment of a fifth in Scripture is
acknowledgment that the person paying it has a loss and forfeits the fifth as
an offering. It is an acknowledgment that the sum yielded is a debt and not a
gift. A: Exactly. The
"spoiling" of the Egyptians was payment for their time spent working
on Pharaoh's projects. When it came time to build the tabernacle, the
Israelites brought their jewelry, dyed linen, and animal skins (Ex. 35:21-29)
that had been given them in
Yahweh's purpose and ulterior design
never changes. Just as His laws concerning tithing allowed
Q: Why isn't the
command to tithe clearly given in the New Testament?
A: Why tell people
to do what they were already doing? Correction is given where the people are
lacking. If they are complying, there is no need for correction. There is no
direct command to gather for public worship in the New Testament, either.
(Hebrews
Actually, one verse in every four in
Matthew, Mark, and Luke, and one in every six in the New Testament deals with
money and covetousness. Our love for Yahweh and His Son is shown in how we
honor them with our substance.
A: The Scribes and
Pharisees tithed (Matthew
A: It must be
remembered that when Paul was preaching and writing his letters to the various
congregations the temple was still standing. There were actually two ways that
people could worship then. First, they could bring offerings and animal
sacrifices to the temple to worship through the priesthood. This continued
until the year 70. The alternative was to turn to Yahshua the Messiah and
worship Yahweh in spirit and truth, John 4:24. This is where Paul and the other
apostles ran into much trouble with the Jews who looked upon them as a rival
religion. Paul did not insist upon circumcision, 1 Corinthians 7:19. He taught
that worship was from the heart and was not a series of obligatory sacrifices
and offerings. Paul was actually a rival of temple worship and had to be
careful how he taught and what he said to both Jew and Gentile converts. He
said, "For though I be free from all men, yet have I made myself
servant unto all, that I might gain the more. To the weak became I as weak,
that I might gain the weak: I am made all things to all men, that I might by
all means save some," 1 Corinthians
The rabbis looked upon him as an upstart
and tried to thwart his ministry. They were aware that if he were successful,
their role in temple worship and the sacrificial system would be done away.
Therefore, Paul could not directly tell his converts to cease tithing to the
temple and give all their offerings and tithes to his ministry. Telling them
that would have caused an uproar among the leaders of the Jewish religion. Paul
would be looked upon as an enemy who considered himself above the temple
priesthood by demanding offerings and tithes for himself. Undoubtedly this
would have shortened both his ministry and his life.
Another reason for Paul's reluctance to
preach on tithing explicitly is that he did not want the reputation of
preaching for money. Paul followed the admonition that freely we have received,
freely we are to give. Had he openly encouraged the people to give him their
tithes he would have been accused of preaching the Word for filthy lucre's
sake, 1 Corinthians 9:18.
Paul was striving to change people's
attitudes to joyful giving and generosity to help build the temple of the Holy
Spirit, which was the Body of Believers who accepted Yahshua's words. A: By the time the
writers of whom we have records wrote, Sunday was already an established
custom. The Old Testament was virtually ignored because too often the Sabbath
and holy days were brought up, which was an embarrassment for the church. They
relied primarily on New Testament writings, especially those of Paul. As notes,
Paul was reluctant to preach tithing for fear of false accusations and to avoid
a direct conflict with the scribes and Pharisees. A: Following the
destruction of the temple in 70 C.E., the rabbis still stressed the importance
of tithing. They viewed it as one of the three elements through whose merit the
world was created (Genesis Rabbah 1,6) and the means by which Israelites could
escape the lot of the wicked (Jewish Encyclopedia, XII, 151B). In the passing
of time, however, the Jews came to ignore tithing and do not tithe today, but
"buy" a seat in the synagogue. When temple worship is re-instituted and
Levites are once more active, Jews will undoubtedly tithe again to support the
Levitical priesthood.
Q: Is there any
difference between the firstfruits and the tithe?
A: The relationship
of the tithe to the firstfruits is difficult to resolve absolutely. The Bible
at times both contrasts them (Nehemiah
Q: Is there any
biblical justification for a second tithe?
A: There is a
tithe that is holy unto Yahweh and it is to be used for His worship and
bringing knowledge to others of His programs and expectations as found in Leviticus
27: 30-33. But there is another tithe which is not specifically said to be holy
to Yahweh, but stays with the offeror to enjoy and make possible his attending
the feasts where Yahweh's name is placed, based on Deuteronomy, written after
40 years experience:
"Thou shalt surely tithe all the
increase of thy seed, that which cometh forth from the field year by year. And
thou shalt eat before Yahweh thy Elohim, in the place which he shall choose, to
cause his name to dwell there, the tithe of thy grain, of thy new wine, and of
thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herd and of thy flock; that thou mayest
learn to fear Yahweh thy Elohim always. And if the way be too long for thee, so
that thou art not able to carry it, because the place is too far from thee,
which Yahweh thy Elohim shall choose, to set his name there, when Yahweh thy Elohim
shall bless thee; then shalt thou turn it into money, and bind up the money in
thy hand, and shalt go unto the place which Yahweh thy Elohim shall choose: and
thou shalt bestow the money for whatsoever thy soul desireth, for oxen, or for
sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul asketh of
thee; and thou shalt eat there before Yahweh thy Elohim, and thou shalt
rejoice, thou and thy household," Deut 14:22-26 (
Q: Can't we rely
on our government to do much of the caring for the poor and afflicted, even
though the Bible holds us accountable?
A: While the
government is taking over more and more the responsibility that belongs to the
Body of Messiah as a whole, we cannot allow the government to replace Yahweh
and His way of life. Already too many people look to the government as the
"Great Father" where all blessings flow. The third tithe is for
assisting those in need and is an individual responsibility. We are commanded
to help those in the world, but especially those of the Body of Believers,
Galatians 6:10. A: The Messiah
said that we are to render unto Caesar those things that are Caesar's and unto
Yahweh those things that are His. Those living in
Q: Will tithing be
a part of the Millennium?
A: Ezekiel 45
tells us of the feast days that will be enforced in the times ahead of us.
There will be offerings and a sanctuary. There will be a reinstatement of the
sanctuary worship as the Book of Deuteronomy will be the basis of the Kingdom
constitution. How can we qualify to be a king or priest in the Kingdom “and
teach others to tithe” if we have never done so ourselves? Aren't we first to
qualify to represent Yahweh and His Son and prove ourselves in this life?
Chapters 40-48 of Ezekiel describe in
detail the final arrangements for worship in the new temple. It will include
sacrifices (40:38), the feast days, and the priesthood. The burnt offering, the
sin offering, and the trespass offering, along with the Levitical liturgy, will
be reinstated. 40:38-39. Verse 46 speaks of the sons of Zadok among the sons of
Levi who will come near Yahweh to worship Him. Chapter 44 explains the
ordinances for the priesthood and verses 29-30 refer to the oblations and the
firstfruits.
Without doubt the temple and its
sacrificial system will be put in effect. The priests will again be
functioning. To support the priesthood, the system of tithes and firstfruits
will also be a part of the Millennial rule (Ezek. 44:28-30) just as it was in
the time of ancient
This is not to say that Yahshua will
again be sacrificed, but rather that those in the Millennium will be looking
back at His death and resurrection and will have the value of that sacrifice
emphasized.
Q: What is meant by
laying up for yourselves treasures in heaven?
A: To live now as
if we were already in the Kingdom. Anything we can do to develop righteous
character and make Yahweh's way of life natural shows we are overcoming our
carnal nature, being translated into His Kingdom, Colossians 1:3.
Before becoming a king or a priest, it is
necessary that we qualify to judge those over whom we will be given authority.
A judge must be beyond reproach. It is difficult to pass sentence on anyone if
we are guilty of the same offense. Those who have not put Yahweh first in their
lives will be hard put to judge or condemn others unless they have also
observed the law.
Q: Is it true that
giving is a gift of Yahweh?
A: Paul shows that
there are various gifts given to those in the Body of Messiah, Romans 12:8.
Giving is one of the gifts, and they are to do it with generosity. In 2
Corinthians 8:7 Paul urges that we excel in this gift also. Cheerful giving is
a gracious work in Yahweh's eyes.
Q: Will tithing
really benefit me?
A: Tithing is a
discipline given through Yahweh's foresight. He will bless those who place Him
first. You will be surprised at the amount of money you have for Yahweh's Work;
at the ease in meeting your own obligations with the remaining nine-tenths; at
the deepening of your spiritual life; at the insight it gives to be a faithful
and wise steward over the nine-tenths that remain.
Some contend tithing is for the rich. For
the wealthy to commence to tithe is rare. But a few who began tithing when they
were poor and later became rich were: Mr. Crowell, founder of Quaker Oats Co.;
Mr. Colgate of Colgate Soaps; Mentholatum's A.A. Hyde; Henry Delaney
LeTourneau, founder of a large earth-moving company.
Discover the true JOY of giving to
Yahweh. He has given you an absolute PROMISE that you will be blessed if you
do!
A: To those doing
Yahweh's Work of proclaiming His Name, His laws, the coming Kingdom, and the
part we can have in that Kingdom through Yahshua. The tithe is to be used to
glorify Yahweh in worship. In building His spiritual temple, our goal is to add
converts to the Body of Messiah and strengthen and edify those already there.
You show your love to the Father by honoring Him with your substance (Prov.
3:9), which is then used to proclaim the Good News to others. As a result,
souls are saved and the spiritual temple enlarged where again Yahweh's praise
increases and Yahshua is lifted up.
While the Bible
does teach that the tenth is our reasonable service-that we should give a tenth
to Yahweh's work where the Good News of the Kingdom is being taught, we must
not lose sight of the fact that all belongs to Him. Neither Yahshua nor Paul
limited their giving to only a tenth. Yahshua said in Luke 14:33, "Whosoever
he be of you that forsakes [renounces,
Paul speaks of the blessings that had
been given to the believers in
Yahshua taught the same principle in Luke
6:38: "Give, and it shall be given unto you; good measure, pressed
down, and shaken together, and running over, shall men give into your bosom.
For with the same measure that you mete withal it shall be measured to you
again." Yahshua tells us that we cannot outgive our
Heavenly Father. Whatever we give Him, we get back more than we gave. That is a
promise of Scripture.
We not only are to gladly give of our
tithes, but we also are to give more and Yahweh will bless us for our
generosity many times over. "Give and it shall be given unto you."
You get as you give. Giving to Yahweh is giving not only physically, but we
reap a higher reward. Treasures in the heavens are never in danger of ruin or
loss. Tithes and offerings are to be used to proclaim the Good News of the
coming Kingdom. Yahweh's Word is being sown in the soil of men's hearts. Wherever
it takes root and grows it will bring forth eternal fruit as those who are
given the opportunity become a part of the Body of Messiah. All of us who
understand some of the great and precious truths of the Bible owe a debt of
gratitude to someone else who helped us along the pathway of understanding. The
truths we read or heard explained opened our understanding of Yahweh's plan.
Giving to Yahweh is an act of genuine
love for Him and for His gift of life to us. Paul told the Corinthians to prove
the sincerity of their love by giving, 2 Corinthians 8:8. "I say
this not as a command, but to prove by the earnestness of others that your love
also is genuine,” RSV. Even Yahweh "so loved...that He gave
His only begotten Son," John
Throughout the Bible Yahweh says that He
is the Mighty One of the universe, the Creator of all things. He is the One who
alone can provide safety and salvation to His people. He challenges you to try
Him and test His promise to bless those who place Him first.
"Bring you all the tithes into
the storehouse, that there may be food in Mine house, and prove Me now
herewith, says Yahweh of hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven,
and pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it,"
Malachi 3:10.
Think of the
many blessings Yahweh has given you. You owe Him everything, including the most
precious of gifts: your very existence! With your life He has given you
something no person ever could. And beyond that, you have the opportunity to
qualify for a phenomenal role in the eternal Kingdom. Yahweh constantly gives
to us. Giving is part of His holy nature. He wants you, also, to come to know
and enjoy what it means to give from the heart.
Discover the actual joy “and the
blessings” of giving a regular tenth to the Creator who has given YOU so much.
Set aside a portion for Him. Then reap the material and spiritual benefits He
has promised will be yours.
© 2007 Yahweh’s Assembly in Yahshua
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